Hedging Options » Hedge Fund

Trade Currencies Like Stock and Make More Money

admin — Sun, 24 Jan 2010 07:02:02 +0000

The title is deceptive actually. What is being talked about is that if you are holding substantial amounts of Pounds, or Dollars or the Euro, or other currency, you can use that currency to make money on your currency by trading.
Currency Trade is where the currency is bought and sold. Just like stocks and shares are traded in the NYSE or the NASDAQ.
The difference in the two is only one. In stocks and shares, you are buying into or exiting from the companies in which you are holding stocks and shares, based upon the stock movements in the Stock Exchange, again based on supply/demand equations. You bought low and sold high, depending upon your perception of how much you wanted to cash in, and how much you wanted to retain in the long term. This depended on the individual company AND the way the market indices were moving. Currency trading works exactly the same way as the stock market does, based on demand and supply, but was earlier restricted to banks only. They traded on currencies based on values and requirements and whether the economic situation in that currency was good or likely to be good or bad, etc.
Today with the world having gone global, and individual countries freeing up foreign exchange regulations, even private companies (corporates) can trade in currencies. For this they have set up separate funds. Today, if the US dollar is fetching say 2 British Pounds Sterling, and it is expected that since the US economy is going down, then the holding of that dollar would fetch only 1 British Pound Sterling. So you have lost one British Pound Sterling. Conversely, if it is felt that the economy of the US is doing better than the British economy, one US Dollar could fetch as much as 2.5 British pound sterling.
So you now have an opportunity to use the ETFs or your portfolio manager to go in for currency trading. If you put in say $100 you would be getting 200 British Pounds sterling. But if the dollar is going down, you would get much less, say only 100 pounds. Normally in currency trading, a long term option is used. Because, it is based on long term indications of the currency of the country using it. Generally, the managers use a basket of currencies to trade, that smoothens the ups and downs of the currency market. Basket here means holding multiple currencies against which the dollar values goes up or down, and trade is accordingly conducted.
As an individual, you will have to check whether you can yourself trade in the currency market. That depends upon your countries Foreign Exchange Policy. You will have to check it out with your investment group. If you are allowed, you can do pretty well. But start slowly and hedge your bets always. It requires a lot of reading, keeping track of the global economy, your own economy, and of course your personal economy!
Try it through your investment manager, and see for about six months what your return is. Meanwhile, you can read up about it on various media, such as books, the internet, etc.

Hedge fund investing guide 101

admin — Mon, 18 Jan 2010 19:17:56 +0000

Hedge funds have become a new craze among the investors who are looking for higher net returns and to diversify their investment portfolio. However, before investing one should first have a basic idea of what hedge funds are all about. A hedge fund is characteristically a privately organized joint investment fund, predominantly invested in public traded securities. It is a pool of invested capital, used mainly by wealthy or financially experienced individuals and institutions. Usually, law to just 50 to 100 investors per fund restricts hedge funds. Thus, most hedge funds set very high standards for an individual to be a qualified purchaser. Most often, an investor with a net worth of above one million dollars and an annual income exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand dollars is only considered as a qualified customer. Hedge funds are very similar to mutual funds. The difference between the two is of strategies they use. Hedge funds use a set of strategies other than investing long in bonds, equity, mutual funds and money markets. Thus, its strategies can generate positive returns irrespective of the rise and fall in the equity and bond markets.

One way to invest in hedge funds is to invest in a company just before a major merger, as shares go up significantly once the merger occurs. This technique is called ‘Risk Arbitrage’. However one should have a prior knowledge of the merger before buying large amounts of shares in a company, as it is a very high-risk investment strategy since some mergers may not occur at all. Another technique, which one may adopt while investing in hedge funds, is ‘Leverage’. This means using borrowed capital in to own capital for investment. ‘Selling Short’ is also a popular strategy where one invests in apparently undervalued securities, trading commodities and FX contracts, and takes advantage of the difference between current market price and the highest purchase price in events such as mergers.

Even though most hedge funds promise higher net returns, they are accompanied by some limitations. For instance, in case of many hedge funds, there are certain restrictions on one’s right to redeem his shares. Often, there is a lock-in period that can extend to over a year. During this period one cannot redeem his shares. Hence, one should reconsider his options and take into consideration a long-term perspective before investing in hedge funds. Moreover, hedge funds also have a higher failure rate than traditional funds. Many of them fail by the second or third year of operation. It has been estimated that about 5.7% of the existing 8500 hedge funds closed in 2005. Also, because of their non-regulation there are no official hedge funds statistics. Besides, hedge funds are more suited for large businesses because they have a price tag.

However, hedge fund is a very helpful tool for the diversification of one’s investment portfolio. It reduces the overall portfolio risk and volatility, as it is not related with the broad stock market indices. Thus it is a smart choice for those who are willing to take the risk.

Introduction to Hedge Fund

admin — Sat, 16 Jan 2010 18:57:13 +0000

Although there is no universally accepted definition of the term hedge fund, the term has evolved over time to include a multitude of skill-based investment strategies with a broad range of risk and return objectives. The common element among these strategies is the use of investment and risk management skills to seek positive returns regardless of market direction. Hedge funds are an exciting innovation to the range of professionally managed investment vehicles that have brought sophisticated investment strategies and a new sense of excitement to the investment community. They can serve as an important risk management tool for investors by providing valuable portfolio diversification. One might define a hedge fund as an information-motivated fund that hedges away all or most sources of risk not related to the price-relevant information available for speculation. Hedge funds use a wide variety of investment styles and strategies. Even among hedge funds that purport to use the same investment strategy or invest within the same asset class, there is a wide range of investment activities, performance and risk levels. Because the investment activities of hedge funds are so diverse, the hedge funds assigned to a particular investment category are likely to exhibit less similarity than more traditional investment vehicles, such as registered investment companies.

The investment strategies are typically designed to protect investment principal and engage in a variety of investment techniques that include fixed income securities, convertible securities, currencies, exchange-traded futures, over-the-counter derivatives, futures contracts, commodity options and other non-securities investments in order to generate specific risk-return profiles.

Strategies may be designed to be market-neutral (very low correlation to the overall market) or directional (a “bet” anticipating a specific market movement). Selection decisions may be purely systematic (based upon computer models) or discretionary (ultimately based on a person). A hedge fund may pursue several strategies at the same time, internally allocating its assets proportionately across different strategies.Hedge funds are often classified according to investment style including following categories: relative value, event-driven, equity hedge funds, global asset allocators and short selling. Within each style category, funds are then classified according to the underlying markets traded. For example, within the relative value style classification, there are a number of sub-groups, including equity market neutral, fixed income arbitrage, convertible arbitrage, credit arbitrage and statistical arbitrage.

Various hedge fund return opportunities stem from the expanded universe of securities available to trade and the strategies that can be employed. Funds can access both financial and non-financial (commodity) markets and can easily take long, short, spread, and option positions in any of these markets. Expanding the set of investment opportunities results in providing diversification benefits to a portfolio that cannot be replicated through traditional stock, bond, and real estate investment strategies.

For alternative investments, such as hedge funds, to grow as an investment alternative, individuals need to increase their knowledge and comfort level as to their use in investment portfolios. The logical extension of using investment managers with specialized knowledge of traditional markets to obtain maximum return/risk tradeoffs is to add specialized managers who can obtain the unique returns in market conditions and types of securities not generally available to traditional asset managers; that is, hedge funds. In addition, investors must compare the unique returns available to each of the hedge fund styles to insure that the particular style does not duplicate existing investment opportunities.

Stock Research – Amaranth Hedge Fund Collapse – What Happens When Your Friendly Banker Becomes – Predator

admin — Sat, 16 Jan 2010 07:13:27 +0000

You might be familiar with Amaranth LLC, the giant hedge fund that collapsed last fall, after blowing up $6 billion of investors’ money. It now comes out that the circumstances under which they self-destructed are worth studying.
But first – A METAPHOR
What would happen if you had a pain in your chest, and you had tests taken at your doctor on a Monday who you have known and trusted for 30 years? He tells you that the results will tell you if you are going to live or die, no in between. You now visit the doctor on a Friday to discuss the results. The doctor says to you how would you like to bet on the results.
You offer to bet $1 million that you are going to live. The doctor says, “I will take your bet myself.” Would you still make the bet? The answer is no, of course you wouldn’t because the doctor already knows the result. and you don’t. It’s like betting against the house in Las Vegas when the house already KNOWS how the results will turn out.
This is the same situation in our opinion that Amaranth the hedge fund faced during its trading crisis. Hedge funds have to book their trades through a clearing firm, no different than many major brokerage firms clearing trades for smaller brokerage firms. The smaller firm pays a fee to the bigger firm that clears the trades for them.
In the case of Amaranth the hedge fund, JP Morgan was the clearing broker, known as a Prime Broker. In essence Amaranth made bets on the energy futures markets, and these bets went the wrong way. As a hedge fund, Amaranth uses leverage when it trades against its equity, usually borrowing about 6 to 1, and sometimes as high as 8 to 1. JP Morgan as the clearing broker was the lender of the additional margin.
Now when a trade goes against a hedge fund, the fund may be called upon by the clearing firm to put up more margin, meaning cash, or securities to protect the clearing firm. In this case the problem happened on a Friday. Amaranth wanted to get rid of billions of dollars of toxic bad trades by giving them to Goldman Sachs, who agreed to take them if Amaranth would give Goldman $2 billion in cash along with the trades. Goldman would then assume the risk of what happens to those trades. Amaranth wanted its clearing firm, JP Morgan to give Goldman the $2 billion from its capital account simultaneous with the movement of the trades.
JP Morgan would not release the funds. They barked, stating that they felt they would still be at risk if this were to happen. A clearing firm hates risk, and never wants to take risk. Amaranth very quickly had to operate in the most treacherous waters imaginable. They had to begin talking to outsiders in a desperate attempt to structure a transaction with anyone capable of taking these trades or injecting new additional capital. Remember, this is Wall Street, the sharks were circling.
Anyone who had knowledge of Amaranth’s trades knew immediately how precarious the oil markets that Amaranth was involved in. They also knew how to play the market to its own advantage using Amaranth’s weaknesses. The SHARKS came in and did trades that would work to their advantage. Within a matter of trading hours, this giant hedge fund was losing hundreds of millions of additional dollars. Merrill Lynch decided to take a piece of the funding deal, and this drove Goldman Sachs up a wall. Goldman upped the ante, and decided to charge Amaranth hundreds of millions more to do the deal which would partially save Amaranth.
Now here’s where our story of the doctor with the patients information and the patient’s bet come in handy. JP Morgan as the clearing broker was in a position to know more about the condition of Amaranth’s books, and their trading positions than anyone else in the industry. Since JP Morgan also trades in the same market as Amaranth, the bank knew the market’s condition better than anyone else also.
When the Morgan bank was informed that a deal was imminent between Goldman and Amaranth, the Chairman of Morgan got involved himself and called in his top energy trader over the weekend. Morgan was thinking of making their own deal for Amaranth’s positions, the very positions that they cleared for Amaranth over the preceding months.
The Morgan bank was sitting in the catbird seat. They knew everything; they saw everything, no different than a black jack dealer in Las Vegas being able to tell everyone’s cards. As a person who has been in this field for 30 years, and watched a few firms go down the tubes in a deal like this, I tell you, it doesn’t SMELL RIGHT.
JP Morgan knew that Amaranth couldn’t make a deal with anyone as long as the Morgan bank held the collateral. No deal could be structured if Morgan wouldn’t release at least part of the money in the Amaranth account at Morgan. The Morgan bank was in complete control of Amaranth’s destiny. What would the bank do?
JP Morgan also acts as a giant hedge fund trader for its own account in the energy markets, and in other markets. In a sense it competes against its clients if it chooses to, in these markets. The difference is when you are a major clearing firm as well as trading yourself, which is what Morgan does, you have the advantage. You have an understanding of the market place that nobody else can even dream about having. It is the trader’s ultimate dream. There are times when the clearing firm can dictate the market.
The FINAL DEAL
Discussions ensued through the weekend, into Monday, and Tuesday. Amaranths finally capitulated at 5:30AM on Wednesday morning, and guess who signed the deal. J.P. Morgan in conjunction with the Citadel Investment Group, another hedge fund inked the deal. Amaranth’s $800 million in portfolio losses from the weekend would be eaten by Amaranth themselves. Morgan and Citadel got $1.6 billion in cash to take the trading positions in the portfolio off Amaranth’s books. They got another $300 million to assume options positions, plus a $250 million kicker for commodity investments.
What’s the bottom line here? It just became public information that J.P. Morgan made $725 million for its bottom line on the deal. Congratulations to a nice conservative bank, that always catered to conservatively managing the trust funds of its wealthy clientele. Do you think that GREED had anything to do with the bank’s decision to cut the deal with Amaranth, as opposed to arranging a bailout? Gee, a bank wouldn’t function like that, would it?
Richard Stoyeck
http://www.stocksatbottom.com

What are Hedge Funds and Starting Your Own Hedge Fund

admin — Wed, 09 Dec 2009 07:41:44 +0000

WHAT ARE HEDGE FUNDS?

www.turnkeyhedgefunds.com

In the securities world, the term “Hedge Fund” does not necessarily imply any use of “hedging” as commonly understood; for example where commodity traders use options to “hedge” a commodity position. Presently, in the securities world the term “hedge fund” refers to any type of Private Investment Company operating under certain exemptions from registration under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Investment Company Act of 1940. “Hedge Funds” are often referred to as “alternate investment vehicles” and are tailored to the needs of sophisticated, high net worth private investors. A Hedge Fund is generally structured as a limited partnership having a general partner responsible for the investment activities and day-to-day operation of the fund, and limited partners who are the investors supplying capital but not participating in trading or operations of the fund. The limited partners have limited liability. That is, their exposure to loss is limited to their investment. The General Partner has unlimited liability and is liable for the activities of the partnership. The General Partners principals limit their liability through the use of a corporation or limited liability company as the General Partner. (Of course, the principals cannot limit their liability from the application of the anti fraud provisions of the Federal Securities Laws.) All of the investors’ capital is pooled and is utilized by the General Partner or Investment Manager to implement its trading or investment strategy.

Hedge Funds are “Non-Public Offerings.” The private offering exemption prohibits Hedge Funds from making any public offering. Therefore, Hedge Funds are prohibited from general advertising and generally secure investors through word of mouth, consultants, registered representatives, brokers or investment advisors. Hedge Funds have investors that are either “accredited investors” or “qualified purchasers.” In general, the Federal Securities Laws define the terms “accredited investor” and “qualified purchaser” in terms of minimum asset and income threshold that must be met before they qualify to be investors in the Hedge Fund. Since the Hedge Fund generally limits investment to “accredited investors” or “qualified purchasers” both of whom are required to meet certain minimal asset and/or income thresholds, the Fund Manager or administrator must gather background information on potential investors to determine whether they meet the minimum requirements to be “accredited investors” or “qualified purchasers.” By making a non-public offering to certain kinds of investors, (accredited investors or qualified purchasers) the investment vehicle will be exempt from registration requirements of The Securities Act of 1933 pursuant to the safe harbour provisions of Rule 506 of Regulation D. Where the investment vehicle is limited to no more than 100 investors, and otherwise complies with the safe harbour provisions of Regulation D, such an investment entity is exempt from the extensive regulation pursuant to Section 3(c)1 of The Investment Company Act. Section 3(c)7 of The Investment Company Act offers a similar exemption to private investment companies with “qualified purchasers” as investors.

As an unregulated entity, the Hedge Fund Investment Manager is free to undertake greater risk on more volatile positions thereby exposing investors to potential substantial profit as well as substantial losses.

Typically, Hedge Funds provide for the payment of an Incentive Allocation or Performance Fee to the hedge Fund Manager/General Partner. Performance Fees range from 20% to 40% depending on the strategy employed by the Hedge Fund Manager. Typically, the Performance Fee provides for a “high water mark” structure which provides that incentive fees are paid only to the extent that the fund continues to meet or exceed the “high water mark.” Additionally, typical Hedge Funds include Management Fee of 1% to 2% of all assets under management.

Generally there are two kinds of Hedge Funds. On the one hand, there are the huge worldwide funds operated by charismatic managers such as George Soros. On the other hand, there are small boutique-styled Hedge Funds identified with a particular segment or investment strategy. The Fund Manager’s expertise, experience and background in recognizing investment opportunity will dictate that fund’s particular niche. For example, there are the “Biotech Hedge Funds” which are managed by experienced and highly qualified investment managers who may also hold advanced degrees in science and medicine. There are “Tech Hedge Funds” specializing in the technology sector managed by individuals having specialized experience trading in that sector. With the emergence of day trading and the availability of the trading technology, a number of floor traders and brokers are leaving the traditional brokerage and exchange venue to participate in the computer screen trading phenomena.

The boutique “Hedge Fund” typically relies on the particular skill and expertise of the Investment Manager or Trader. The highly specialized Investment Manager may utilize a “Sector” style of investing focusing on a particular industry or economic sector. Conversely, an Investment Manager utilizing a “Market Neutral” style will maintain a portfolio of securities which are generally ½ short and ½ long. Some Investment Managers utilize a “Value” investment style based upon assets, cash flow and book value; while other Investment Managers follow the “Emerging Markets” style and invest in emerging and foreign market equity and debt. “Trading” funds utilize an opportunistic investment style taking advantage of market trends, events and opportunities for short term profits. Each Fund Manager develops and uses a particular investment style that is unique to the experience, expertise and personality of its manager.

Unlike Hedge Funds, Mutual Funds raise money publicly; are highly regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Internal Revenue Service and other agencies; and offer investment diversification and are restricted from purchasing many types of derivative instruments, leveraging, short selling and other kinds of transactions.

Unlike the Mutual Fund Managers, the Hedge Fund Manager generally invests in the fund that they manage and participate in profits as well as risks with their investors. Unlike the Mutual Fund fee structure (which is determined on assets under management) the Hedge Fund Manager receives incentive allocations on performance.