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Options come in two different flavors. Call options give the contract holder the right to buy the currency. Put options give the contract holder the right to sell the currency to someone else.

When the contract expires the actual value of the options is whatever the holder will get by actually exercising the contract. If the holder will gain nothing by exercising the option then the actual value of the option is zero. The value of the option at any other time during the contract is what is called the intrinsic value, that is the value if the holder were to exercise the option at that time.

The intrinsic value is partially based on the set price of the contract, which is also known as the “strike price”. A call option has an intrinsic value if the current price of the currency is higher than the strike price. This would allow the contract holder to buy the currency at less than the current value and then re-sell it for a profit. A put option has an intrinsic value if the current price is less than the strike price of the option.

Any time an option has a positive intrinsic value it is said to be “in the money” if the intrinsic value is negative then the option is considered to be “out of the money”. It can also have a value of zero which means that the current price is the same as the strike price in which case it is considered to be “a the money”. Options should only be exercised when they are “in the money”.

There are complicated formulas used to calculate the intrinsic value of an option, these formulas take into consideration both the current price as well as the time value. The time value is calculated based on the market conditions, including things like interest rates on both currencies as well as the time left in the contract. The pricing of options is delicate; they must be low enough to attract buyers but also high enough to attract the sellers as well.

Options are primarily used to minimize risk in FOREX trades. They help to protect against unexpected fluctuations in the market. When you buy an option your potential loss is limited to the price of the option. When you sell options your potential loss can be significantly higher. The seller gains the premium for selling the option but depending on how the market moves their loss could be unlimited.

As a hedging tool, there are many different types of options available. They are often used to minimize the potential for loss due to fluctuations in the foreign exchange market by companies that trade overseas.

In the FOREX market there is a special option known as a digital option. A digital option pays a specified amount at expiration if certain criteria are met. If the criteria are not met there is no payment.

To us a digital option the trader must first decide which way the market is moving. They then decide on a payoff amount if the market moves as expected within a certain time frame. Using this information they can then calculate the price of the digital option.

For example:

The price of the euro is currently trading at about 1.2400 and you expect it to rise to 1.2800 within 3 months. You decide to buy a put digital option with a payoff of $5000. The cost of the option is $800.

If at the end of the 3 months the euro is more than 1.2800 you get $5000. If the price is less, you lose $800.

Options can be a valuable trading tool for all FOREX traders.

Hedge funds are normally set up as limited partnerships where the fund manager is the general partner and the investors are the limited partners. They are loosely regulated which allows the fund managers to participate in the gains or losses of the money invested. These funds usually have large fees associated with them as fund managers habitually charge both a performance fee and an asset-based fee.

Hedge funds have greater flexibility than mutual funds in the investment policies they can incorporate and therefore are better able to hedge against downturns in the markets. In addition, mature hedge fund management firms structure their funds to include domestic and offshore investments. This provides the managers of hedge funds the distinct advantage of attracting capital worldwide.

Some of the investment methods hedge funds incorporate include short selling, arbitrage and leveraging. Short selling allows an investor to sell stock they do not own for the opportunity to profit when prices fall. Arbitrage allows for the simultaneous buying and selling of securities in different markets in order to profit from the difference in prices. Leveraging is the borrowing of money for investment purposes.

Hedge funds offer the sophisticated investor a diverse, alternative investment option.

But where the does the long term investor fit in? Are there any option trading strategies that the conservative investor can employ to enhance his or her long term returns?

In fact, there are.

Leveraged Investing

There are actually a number of option trading strategies that can be employed by the long term investor. Leveraged Investing is the name I’ve given this approach, and these are the strategies I use myself.

The point of Leveraged Investing is to use options to acquire stock for a discount and then to generate additional returns above and beyond the actual performance of the stock itself.

Here are just two examples:

[Please note: in the interest of simplicity, commissions have been excluded from all examples.]

Example #1 – Writing Covered Calls. Writing covered calls is a popular, and generally conservative, income-producing strategy. A call option gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase 100 shares of the underlying stock at a certain price (strike price) by a certain date (expiration date).

Conversely, when you write, or sell, a call option on shares that you own, you sell (you receive a premium in the form of cash) someone else the right to purchase your stock at a certain price at or prior to the expiration date. If you own 100 shares of a stock trading at $28/share, you could write a $30 covered call expiring in one month. If the stock closes above $30/share, you’ll be obligated to sell your shares for $30/share. But if the stock closes at or below $30/share, the call option will expire worthless and you’re free to repeat the process. Either way, the premium received is yours to keep.

Writing covered calls is a great way to generate additional income from your investments, but the long term investor must take extra precautions to avoid being called out and forced to sell his or her long term holdings (I call one such precaution, The 1/3 Covered Call Writing Strategy–it basically consists of writing covered calls on only a portion of your portfolio in order to give yourself greater flexibility and protection against sharp moves higher by the stock).

Example #2 – Writing Puts to Acquire Stock at a Discount. A put option, in contrast, gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell 100 shares of the underlying stock at a certain price by a certain date. When you write, or sell, a put, you’re essentially insuring someone else’s shares against a drop below the agreed upon strike price.

Like writing covered calls, writing puts can be a great source of income. In fact, the risk-reward profiles for writing puts and writing covered calls are essentially the same. Whereas call writers may write calls out of the money, at the money, or even in the money (the most conservative approach), put writers will typically write out of the money puts (e.g. writing a put with a $30 strike price on a stock currently trading at $32/share).

But for the long term investor, income is of less importance than the opportunity to buy a stock at a lower price that what it’s currently trading at. Writing an at the money put will greatly improve the likelihood of acquiring the stock, and you’ll also receive the most pure premium.

Example: Suppose you write an at the money put on a stock that you really like. If the stock is trading at $30/share and you write the put at the $30 strike price for, let’s say, $2.50 in premium (or $250 in cash since each option contract represents 100 shares of the underlying stock) you’re setting yourself up for a win-win situation. That’s not to say you can’t lose money on the deal, but look at the two possible scenarios.

Conclusion:

As they say, options involve risk and may not be suitable for everyone. But not all option trading strategies have to be high risk propositions. Some approaches, in fact, may offer substantial benefits for the conservative investor. If you are a long term investor, it may be worth your while to conduct additional research to see if there should be a place in your portfolio for options.